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Traditional Finance Goes On-Chain: The Infrastructure Behind Real-World Asset Tokenization

Updated: Oct 13

Teramy Academy

The financial establishment has moved decisively into blockchain-based asset tokenization, with over $30 billion in real-world assets now recorded on distributed ledgers as of 2025. This represents a 400% surge over three years, marking one of the most significant infrastructure upgrades in modern finance. Major institutions including BlackRock, JPMorgan, Goldman Sachs, and Franklin Templeton are operating live tokenization platforms processing billions in daily transactions, fundamentally restructuring how traditional assets move through global markets.


This transformation extends far beyond experimentation. JPMorgan's Kinexys platform alone has processed $1.5 trillion in transactions since 2020, averaging $2 billion daily. BlackRock's BUIDL fund captured $2.9 billion in assets under management within months of its March 2024 launch, becoming the largest tokenized treasury product globally. These are production-scale implementations, not pilot programs, reflecting institutional commitment to blockchain-based financial infrastructure.


The convergence of regulatory clarity, mature technology platforms, and demonstrated operational efficiency is driving this adoption. From Singapore's Project Guardian to the European Union's MiCA framework, jurisdictions are establishing clear rules enabling institutional deployment. Traditional banks and asset managers are selecting specific blockchain protocols based on transaction costs, settlement speed, and ecosystem maturity, building a multi-chain infrastructure that connects public and private blockchain networks into a unified financial system.


Major banks deploy private and public blockchain infrastructure for real-word asset tokenization

Traditional banks are operating both proprietary blockchain platforms and integrating with public networks to tokenize assets across multiple jurisdictions. JPMorgan's Kinexys Digital Assets platform, formerly known as Onyx, represents the most mature bank-led blockchain implementation, having facilitated cross-border payments, intraday repurchase agreements worth over $300 billion, and tokenized collateral networks addressing the $15 trillion global collateral market. The platform operates on a private permissioned blockchain and recently added State Street as an anchor investor, with BlackRock and Fidelity International among major participants using the network for tokenized money market fund shares as collateral.


BNY Mellon partnered with Goldman Sachs to launch tokenized money market funds in July 2025, creating mirrored tokenization using Goldman's GS DAP platform while broadcasting data to the Ethereum public network. The service enables five major fund managers (BlackRock, Fidelity Investments, Federated Hermes, Goldman Sachs Asset Management, and BNY Investments Dreyfus) to offer tokenized shares addressing the $7.1 trillion money market fund industry. BNY Mellon also serves as custodian for BlackRock's BUIDL fund, holding over $2.1 billion in assets under custody as of mid-2025.


HSBC operates its Tokenised Deposit Service across five currencies (EUR, GBP, HKD, SGD, USD) on its private blockchain, enabling 24/7 treasury management with instant wallet-to-wallet transfers backed 1:1 by cash deposits. The bank has issued multiple digital bonds including a S$400 million bond for Olam in September 2020 and participated in the Hong Kong Monetary Authority's Project Evergreen for multicurrency green bond issuance in February 2024, working with Marketnode, a joint venture between Singapore Exchange and Temasek.


Standard Chartered has positioned itself across multiple blockchain networks, serving as custodian and registrar for the AlloyX Real Yield Token on Polygon (an Ethereum Layer 2 network), integrating Chainlink's Proof of Reserve and NAVLink services for the China Asset Management Select USD Money Market Fund. The bank became the first global financial institution to offer spot Bitcoin and Ether trading in July 2025 through its UK branch and maintains digital asset custody operations in Dubai and Singapore.


Singapore-based DBS Bank launched DBS Token Services in October 2024 and began tokenizing structured notes on Ethereum in August 2025, including cryptocurrency-linked participation notes and equity-linked notes with S$1,000 minimum denominations. The bank processed over $1 billion in crypto-linked instrument trades in the first half of 2025, demonstrating 60% growth from Q1 to Q2.


Deutsche Bank is developing its DAMA 2 platform with an expected MVP launch in November 2025, utilizing a three-layer architecture combining Ethereum as the base settlement layer, ZKsync Layer 2 (via Memento Blockchain) for transaction processing, and Axelar Network for cross-chain interoperability across 70+ blockchains. The bank previously partnered with Bundesbank and Siemens on a €300 million blockchain-based bond and joined Singapore's Project Guardian in May 2024.


OCBC Bank operates the world's first end-to-end tokenized commercial paper platform launched in August 2025, utilizing JPMorgan Kinexys Digital Assets infrastructure for a $1 billion program. The bank issued its first 6-month notes on August 21, 2025, receiving funding within minutes compared to traditional multi-day settlement periods. OCBC also launched bespoke tokenized bonds in November 2024 with S$1,000 denominations versus traditional S$250,000 minimums, enabling same-day settlement on blockchain infrastructure.


Societe Generale's SG-FORGE subsidiary has completed multiple tokenized bond issuances on public blockchains since April 2019, including a €100 million bond on Ethereum and €5 million Euro Medium Term Notes on Tezos. The bank recently executed the first repo transaction using blockchain-based bonds with central bank digital currency from Banque de France, demonstrating integration between tokenized securities and CBDC infrastructure.


Asset managers tokenize funds across seven blockchain protocols

BlackRock transformed the tokenized treasury market with its BUIDL fund launch in March 2024, deploying across seven blockchain networks: Ethereum, Solana, Aptos, Arbitrum, Avalanche, Optimism, and Polygon. The fund invests 100% in cash, U.S. Treasury bills, and repurchase agreements, offering approximately 4.5% annual yield through daily dividend accruals paid as new tokens. Securitize serves as the tokenization platform, transfer agent, and placement agent, while BNY Mellon provides custody and fund administration. The fund's management fees vary by blockchain, charging 50 basis points on Ethereum, Arbitrum, and Optimism, but only 20 basis points on Aptos, Avalanche, and Polygon, reflecting the cost efficiency of different blockchain infrastructures. The fund reached $1 billion in assets under management in under 40 days, establishing BlackRock as the dominant player with nearly 44% market share of tokenized treasuries.


Franklin Templeton pioneered blockchain-integrated mutual funds with its BENJI money market fund (FOBXX) launched in April 2021, making it the first U.S.-registered mutual fund using blockchain as the primary system of record. The fund now operates across eight blockchains including Stellar (primary platform), Ethereum, Avalanche, Arbitrum, Base, Polygon, BNB Chain, and Solana, managing $731.87 million across 938 token holders. The fund recently launched a patent-pending intraday yield calculation feature in 2025 and introduced USDC conversion capability, enabling cryptocurrency holders to access regulated money market products. Franklin Templeton expanded to European institutional investors in February 2025 with a Luxembourg-domiciled fund available in seven European countries.


WisdomTree operates the largest collection of SEC-registered tokenized funds with 13 products spanning money market funds, equity index funds, fixed income funds, and asset allocation strategies. The firm's institutional platform, WisdomTree Connect, launched in September 2024 and deployed across six blockchains: Ethereum, Stellar, Arbitrum, Avalanche, Base, and Optimism. The company partnered with DTCC Digital Assets for smart contract infrastructure using Token Factory technology and integrated Wormhole for cross-chain interoperability. WisdomTree received a New York State Department of Financial Services charter for its Digital Trust Company subsidiary, positioning the firm for regulated custody and transfer agent services.


Hamilton Lane has tokenized multiple private equity and private credit funds starting in 2022, dramatically reducing minimum investments from typical $5 million institutional thresholds to $20,000 for accredited investors. The firm closed its Secondary Fund VI at $5.6 billion in June 2024 and offers tokenized exposure on Polygon through partnership with Securitize. The firm's Global Private Assets Fund operates from Luxembourg, and Hamilton Lane announced plans to tokenize its Private Infrastructure Fund for retail (non-accredited) investors through Republic platform with minimums as low as $500, targeting first-half 2025 availability.


KKR tokenized its Health Care Strategic Growth Fund II on Avalanche in September 2022 through Securitize Capital management, marking the first time KKR offered an alternative investment strategy in digital format in the United States. The underlying fund, established in 2016, invests in innovative healthcare companies in North America and Europe seeking to commercialize and scale their operations.


Apollo Global Management launched the Apollo Diversified Credit Securitize Fund (ACRED) in January 2025 across six blockchains simultaneously: Ethereum, Aptos, Avalanche, Ink (Kraken's Layer-2), Polygon, and Solana, later expanding to Sei in September 2025. The fund provides exposure to Apollo's Diversified Credit Fund, which manages over $1.2 billion in assets focusing on corporate direct lending, asset-backed finance, and structured credit. The tokenized fund delivered 11.7% returns in 2024 compared to approximately 4.5% for U.S. comparable instruments. Initial investors included Coinbase Asset Management, Kraken, and Etherealize. Securitize provides tokenization infrastructure, fund administration, transfer agent services, and broker-dealer functions, while Wormhole enables cross-chain asset movement as the official interoperability partner.


Fidelity Investments operates its Treasury Digital Fund launched in August 2024, issuing Fidelity Digital Interest Tokens (FDIT) on Ethereum representing shares in the underlying Fidelity Treasury Digital Fund (FYHXX). The fund currently holds over $200 million in assets, with 0.20% annual management fees and BNY Mellon serving as custodian. Ondo Finance holds approximately $202 million in FDIT tokens, using them as reserve assets for its OUSG token product. Fidelity filed with the SEC in March 2025 for expanded on-chain share class operations with expected regulatory approval by May 30, 2025.


VanEck launched the VanEck Treasury Fund (VBILL) in May 2025 across four blockchains: Ethereum, Avalanche, BNB Chain, and Solana. Securitize provides tokenization and fund administration services, while State Street Bank serves as custodian. The fund integrates with Agora's AUSD stablecoin for atomic liquidity, enabling instant redemption via smart contracts, and uses RedStone oracle network for daily NAV calculations. Minimum investments range from $100,000 on Avalanche, BNB Chain, and Solana to $1 million on Ethereum.


Technology platforms provide infrastructure across institutional implementations

Securitize dominates the tokenization platform market with over $4 billion in assets under management as of May 2025, serving as the primary infrastructure provider for BlackRock, Apollo, Hamilton Lane, KKR, and VanEck. The company operates as an SEC-registered broker-dealer (FINRA/SIPC member), digital transfer agent (ranking in the top 10), fund administrator, and SEC-regulated Alternative Trading System. Securitize's platform enables issuance across multiple blockchain networks simultaneously and received strategic investment from BlackRock, with BlackRock's Joseph Chalom (Global Head of Strategic Ecosystem Partnerships) joining Securitize's board. The company partnered with Wormhole as its official interoperability provider for cross-chain functionality. Forbes recognized Securitize in its 2025 Top 50 Fintech companies list, reflecting its market position as the leading institutional tokenization infrastructure provider.


R3's Corda platform has emerged as the dominant private blockchain infrastructure with over $10 billion in tokenized real-world assets on-chain and processing more than 1 million transactions daily. The platform supports 400+ CorDapps (Corda Distributed Applications) with 60+ use cases live in production. Notably, 98% of central banks investigating CBDC solutions use Corda technology, and the platform supports major cross-border payment initiatives including Project MBridge and Project Agorá. Corda's peer-to-peer framework enables selective information sharing between parties, providing privacy-focused architecture that traditional financial institutions require for confidential transactions.


The Canton Network, built on Digital Asset technology, processes $4+ trillion in real-world asset transactions monthly as of 2025 across an ecosystem of 400+ projects. The network includes 30+ major participants including Goldman Sachs, BNP Paribas, HSBC, BNY Mellon, Deutsche Börse Group, Moody's, S&P Global, DTCC, and Cboe Global Markets. In August 2025, Tradeweb and BNY Mellon launched $10 billion in daily U.S. Treasury repo trading on Canton with 24/7 settlement capabilities. More than 50% of digital bond issuances since 2022 were completed via Canton Network, including Black Manta's €150 million real estate portfolio bond. Digital Asset raised $135 million in Series funding in June 2025, validating the platform's institutional traction.


Figure Technologies owns Provenance Blockchain, which holds 75% market share of tokenized real-world assets on public blockchains in 2025, having tokenized over $16 billion in assets. The platform settles $600 million+ in loans monthly, primarily focused on home equity lines of credit (HELOCs), mortgages, consumer loans, and crypto-backed loans. Figure launched YLDS, the first SEC-registered yield-bearing stablecoin offering 3.84% APY, and operates Figure Connect, a consumer credit marketplace for tokenized loans. The company achieved S&P AAA-rated securitization for blockchain-native assets and completed an IPO in September 2025 on Nasdaq (ticker: FIGR) with a $7.6 billion valuation. Strategic partnerships include Apollo Global Management for structured collaboration and Sixth Street with a $200 million equity commitment in February 2025.


Polymath, based in Toronto and founded in 2017, created the ERC-1400 security token standard and ST-20 protocol that established technical frameworks for compliant tokenization. The company built Polymesh, a purpose-built blockchain for security tokens, and has facilitated the creation of over 200 tokens. Polymath merged with AnalytixInsight in 2025 to form Polymath Network Inc., offering white-label tokenization platforms targeting broker-dealers, banks, and asset managers.


Tokeny Solutions, headquartered in Luxembourg, developed the T-REX Platform (now standardized as ERC-3643) providing compliance infrastructure for digital assets. The firm partnered with Polygon to reduce gas fees by 10,000x compared to Ethereum, enabling ABN AMRO to issue a €5 million digital green bond in what became the first Dutch bank to register a digital bond on blockchain. Tokeny also facilitated Enegra Group's migration of security tokens representing a $28 billion NAV company from Ethereum to Polygon. Strategic investors include Apex Group and Inveniam.


Custody infrastructure for institutional tokenization relies on specialized providers including Anchorage Digital Bank, the only federally chartered crypto bank in the United States with a $3+ billion valuation. Anchorage provides custody services for BlackRock's BUIDL ecosystem and multiple crypto ETFs, backed by investors including Andreessen Horowitz, Goldman Sachs, KKR, and Visa. BitGo serves as another primary custodian for BlackRock BUIDL and tokenized funds, offering custody, wallets, staking, trading, and settlement from regulated cold storage. Coinbase Custody functions as the primary custodian for most U.S. crypto ETFs and participates in the BlackRock BUIDL ecosystem.


Fireblocks partners with BNY Mellon for institutional digital asset custody and ABN AMRO for digital bond tokenization, utilizing MPC-based wallet infrastructure with 80+ blockchain integrations and compliance tools from Chainalysis, Elliptic, and Notabene. Fireblocks received a New York charter in August 2024 for U.S. client custody operations.


Tokenized assets span eight major categories with specific implementations

U.S. Treasuries and money market funds dominate the tokenized asset landscape with $5.6 billion in market capitalization as of 2025, experiencing 539% growth since early 2024. BlackRock's BUIDL fund holds 44% market share, followed by Ondo Finance's OUSG treasury token with over $1.3 billion in total value locked, Hashnote's USYC with $1.78 billion, and Franklin Templeton's BENJI with $731 million. These products offer approximately 5% yields backed entirely by short-term U.S. government securities with daily NAV pricing and 24/7 peer-to-peer transfers between pre-approved investors.


Private credit represents 58% of the entire tokenized RWA market with $14 billion in active tokenized loans. Provenance Blockchain leads with $12.5 billion (42.3% market share), followed by MakerDAO's RWA vaults with $1.8 billion allowing real-world assets as collateral for minting DAI stablecoin. Centrifuge manages $1 billion in tokenized invoices, receivables, and trade finance instruments across a unified multichain infrastructure spanning Ethereum, Plume, Base, Arbitrum, Avalanche, and BNB Chain. Average yields in private credit tokenization reach 9.42%, attracting institutional capital seeking higher returns than public fixed income.


Real estate tokenization has reached significant scale with Zoniqx tokenizing $3.2 billion in commercial real estate using its TPaaS platform. BrickMark executed the largest token-based real estate transaction with a 130 million CHF commercial building acquisition from RFR Holding using proprietary tokens. T-RIZE Group's Project Champfleury represents a $300 million deal to tokenize a 960-unit residential development in Canada. Dubai-based implementations include MANTRA Chain tokenizing $500 million worth of real estate and the Dubai Land Department piloting property title deed tokenization in 2025. Boston Consulting Group projects tokenized real estate will reach $16 trillion by 2030.


Commodities focus primarily on gold-backed tokens with $1.1 billion in total market capitalization. Pax Gold (PAXG) leads with $529.54 million market cap representing approximately 200,000 troy ounces of London Good Delivery gold stored in LBMA vaults in London, issued by Paxos Trust Company and regulated by New York State Department of Financial Services. Tether Gold (XAUT) holds over $600 million market cap with approximately 250,000 units representing 1 troy ounce each of LBMA gold stored in Swiss vaults. Matrixdock launched XAUm in 2024 on BNB Chain and Ethereum, backed by 99.99% purity gold stored in Singapore and Hong Kong vaults.


Art and collectibles tokenization is led by Maecenas Platform, which tokenized Andy Warhol's "14 Small Electric Chairs" ($4.6 million painting) and a $5.6 million Andy Warhol painting enabling fractional ownership with fees as low as 1% for buyers compared to traditional 20-50% auction and gallery fees. Masterworks offers fractional ownership of blue-chip artworks by Picasso, Rubens, Matisse, and Warhol through a company-owned exchange. The NFT art sector generated $10.7 billion in sales in Q1 2023.


Carbon credits are being tokenized through platforms including Toucan Protocol (bridged approximately 22 million Verra-issued credits on-chain), Klima Protocol (managing approximately 20 million credits), and Puro.earth specializing in engineered carbon removals used by Microsoft and Shopify. JPMorgan Kinexys developed blockchain applications to tokenize global carbon credits, partnering with S&P Global Commodity Insights, EcoRegistry, and International Carbon Registry. The voluntary carbon market is projected to grow from $2 billion in 2021 to $50 billion by 2030.


Invoice financing and trade finance tokenization addresses the $1.5 trillion global trade finance gap affecting small and medium enterprises. Tradeteq partnered with XDC Network to complete the first end-to-end tokenized trade finance transaction in September 2021, with XDC Network processing 2,000+ transactions per second with $0.00013 gas fees and ISO 20022-compliant payment rails. Standard Chartered tokenizes trade finance in Singapore and China through its Linklogis partnership, while Centrifuge's securitization protocol enables platforms like New Silver to manage bridge loan financing for U.S. residential real estate with MakerDAO providing liquidity.


Corporate stocks are being tokenized with platforms including Robinhood offering 200+ tokenized U.S. stocks to EU customers and tokenized Nvidia stock (NVDA) reaching $1.45 million market cap as of January 2025, enabling 24/7 trading and fractional ownership with acquisition using cryptocurrency or traditional currencies.


Geographic implementations concentrate in five leading jurisdictions

Singapore accounts for approximately 7-8% of the global tokenization market and operates as the leading Asian hub through the Monetary Authority of Singapore's Project Guardian initiative. MAS has worked with approximately 24 financial institutions over two years piloting asset tokenization use cases and announced plans in 2025 to support commercialization including commercial networks for liquidity, ecosystem of market infrastructures, industry frameworks, and common settlement facilities. Singapore regulates tokenized assets under the Securities and Futures Act, treating them as Capital Markets Products with operators requiring Capital Markets Services and Recognized Market Operator licenses. Investax MAS is piloting tokenized government securities while platforms including ADDX and InvestaX operate under MAS licensing. Major participants include DBS Bank, OCBC Bank, UOB, Standard Chartered, and JPMorgan.


The United States dominates with 34.8% of global tokenization market share and houses the largest institutional implementations including BlackRock, JPMorgan, Franklin Templeton, Fidelity, Apollo, and KKR. The SEC regulates tokenized securities with FinCEN enforcing KYC/AML requirements. The GENIUS Act provided clearer frameworks for tokenized asset adoption in 2024, while the Lummis-Gillibrand Stablecoin Bill awaits passage to establish payment stablecoin regulation. The U.S. approved Bitcoin ETFs in January 2024 after a decade of rejections, and Congressional hearings in June 2024 titled "Next Generation Infrastructure: How Tokenization of Real-World Assets Will Facilitate Efficient Markets" validated the technology's transformative potential. State-level initiatives in Wyoming and New York created digital asset-friendly regulatory environments.


Hong Kong represents 2.5% of market share but is rapidly expanding through its Securities and Futures Commission framework established in 2019. The Hong Kong government issued the world's first tokenized government green bond in February 2023 (approximately $100 million HKD) followed by a second issuance of HK$6 billion in February 2024. Hong Kong launched Project Ensemble Sandbox in March 2025 to test interoperability between tokenized assets, deposits, and wholesale CBDC with participants including HSBC and Hashkey Group. China potentially uses Hong Kong as a "sandbox" for crypto initiatives, providing strategic positioning for Asia-Pacific institutional access.


United Arab Emirates holds 1% of tokenization market share with Dubai Virtual Assets Regulatory Authority (VARA) introduced in 2022 creating comprehensive frameworks for digital assets including tokenized securities. The Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC) and Abu Dhabi Global Market (ADGM) operate regulatory frameworks supporting innovation. Dubai Land Department launched a real estate tokenization pilot in 2025 for property title deeds. MANTRA Chain is tokenizing $500 million worth of real estate for Dubai-based firms, while Liv Digital Bank (Emirates NBD subsidiary) partners with Ctrl Alt to tokenize private equity, private debt, real estate, and infrastructure. Standard Chartered launched digital asset custody services in the UAE.


Switzerland accounts for 2% of global market share with comprehensive legal frameworks established through the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority (FINMA) and the Blockchain Act enacted in 2021. The Swiss National Bank experimented with blockchain-based sovereign bonds, and approximately one-half of Swiss banks are planning tokenization initiatives. Real estate tokenization represents a particularly active sector, supported by clear guidelines for issuing and trading tokenized securities with strong investor protection frameworks. Switzerland's long-standing reputation as a financial hub attracts international participants seeking stable regulatory environments.


The European Union implemented Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCA) regulation effective June 2023 with full implementation in December 2024, establishing harmonized legal frameworks across member states requiring issuers to disclose detailed information and platforms to obtain authorization and supervision. Slovenia became the first EU nation to issue sovereign digital bonds ($32.5 million in July 2024). Tokyo Metropolitan Government subsidizes security token issuances up to 5 million yen ($31,785), while South Korea's Digital Asset Basic Act (DABA) implements comprehensive frameworks as of June 2024.


Institutional adoption accelerates toward projected trillion-dollar market

The convergence of institutional deployment, regulatory clarity, and technological maturity positions real-world asset tokenization for exponential growth from its current $30 billion base (excluding stablecoins). McKinsey projects the market will reach $2-4 trillion by 2030, while Boston Consulting Group forecasts $16 trillion and Standard Chartered estimates $30 trillion by 2034. These projections reflect fundamental infrastructure advantages: 24/7 settlement replacing T+2 clearing cycles, instant cross-border transactions eliminating correspondent banking delays, fractional ownership democratizing access to institutional-grade assets, and programmable compliance automating regulatory requirements through smart contracts.


Key success factors driving institutional adoption include multi-chain deployment strategies enabling asset issuers to optimize for transaction costs and ecosystem liquidity, SEC-registered and regulated products providing legal certainty for fiduciary obligations, partnership between traditional financial infrastructure (custody, compliance, fund administration) and blockchain technology platforms, operational efficiency gains including reduced settlement times and lower costs, and gradual expansion from institutional-only offerings to broader accredited investor access with dramatically reduced minimums.


The shift from pilot programs to production-scale implementations marks 2024-2025 as an inflection point. JPMorgan's $1.5 trillion in cumulative transactions, BlackRock's $2.9 billion fund launch, and Canton Network's $4+ trillion monthly processing volumes demonstrate institutional validation beyond experimental phases. Major financial institutions including Goldman Sachs, BNP Paribas, HSBC, Citibank, Deutsche Bank, and Societe Generale have moved from testing to live deployments with paying clients, real transaction volumes, and operational integration into core banking infrastructure.


The next phase will likely feature regulatory harmonization as jurisdictions observe successful implementations, increased interoperability between public and private blockchain networks through protocols like Wormhole and Chainlink CCIP, expansion into retail markets as minimums decline from millions to thousands of dollars, integration with central bank digital currencies as demonstrated by Societe Generale's repo transaction using Banque de France CBDC, and network effects compounding as more institutions join shared infrastructure platforms like Canton Network and Global Layer One initiative.

Real-world asset tokenization represents not merely technological innovation but fundamental restructuring of financial market infrastructure, replacing centralized ledgers and intermediary-dependent settlement with distributed consensus and atomic transactions.


Traditional financial institutions are building this infrastructure today, establishing the protocols, custody solutions, and operational frameworks that will define capital markets for decades to come. The question is no longer whether tokenization will transform finance, but how quickly the $300+ trillion global financial asset base will migrate to blockchain-based infrastructure.


Disclaimer: The content on this website is for marketing innovation and education purposes only and should not be considered investment advice.


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